WebText-
GEOGRAPHY OF
Chapter 4 – MOVEMENT and
DRAFT
webtext by G. Atwood, 2012, modified 2014
Use
with professional courtesy and attribution including attribution of original
sources where indicated.
LINK
to printable version… it differs a bit from this web-posted version.
LINK
to The 15 Themes of Geography of Utah
1. Movement links to LOCATION... movement from… through… to.
2. Movement links to INTERACTION... movement results from and
causes change.
3. Movement's mechanisms include (a) diffusion or (b) migration
streams, or (c) both.
4. Movement's (of whatever... water, money, language, etc) direction and distance are influenced by push and pull
factors.
5. Movement can be modeled and studied with modern
geographic tools... GIS can model desire
lines; diffusion patterns.
6.
7. Locations of
This
is the
Chronicle
of Higher Education... where freshmen come from
Zick
and Smith -Movement of People in and out of Utah
UofTexas-NativeAmericanLanguageOrigins.jpg
SLTribune-y110125-FollowTheLeg
http://le.utah.gov and... from bill to law... evaluate the movement summarized on this page... wish there were a chart or "map": http://le.utah.gov/documents/aboutthelegislature/billtolaw.htm
Quotation for this chapter:
Put
your shoulder to the wheel…
Hmmm
I need a nifty quotation here
Spread of Settlements
of US
Movement
… pull
factors – UofU Students
MovemenT…
push factors - The Great Migration (In
the Warmth of Other Suns, by Isable Wilkerson... migration of 6 million black Americans from the South 1890-1960)
Movement…
Think personal... why do you live where you live?
Evolution
of
NOTE: I suggest you Bookmark or download Utah's OFFICIAL HIGHWAY MAP
http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=89563328019277451
Topics… Questions to Ponder
–
Can
you have movement without location?
How
do movement and migration differ?
What
is movement? Why is movement fundamentally spatial? What can move? What about
goods, culture, food, attorneys, people, disease, migrations, mix of taxes,
invasive species, hospitals. What can’t move?
Movement
in geography implies: to and from LOCATIONS and PLACES. The theme includes
transportation, migrations, water systems and communications such as the World
Wide Web. Note how themes of geography intersect: movement is in the context of
physical and human geographies; ... and regions.
Would
you have chosen “movement / migration” in your top 10 themes of geography? In
your top five?
Overarching Goal of the
Chapter:
DEEPER UNDERSTANDING of connections between interaction (Chapter 3) and movement (Chapter 4) with respect to geography, specifically, what causes movements withing and outside Utah. What correlates and what causes the interactions.
By the end of this chapter…
you should:
· Be able to define movement / migration as a “theme” of geography
· Be able to define what is meant by
push and pull factors of migration.
· Be able to ompare and contrast
(a) migration streams from (b) movement via dispersion and give examples.
· Be able to describe using
spatial terminology a “movement” phenomenon, aka migration phenomenon and
analyze geographic factors. Examples include (I need good images):
o
Hispanic
workers FROM
o
Winter
“snowbird” migrations FROM
o
Phalarope
migrations TO and FROM Great Salt Lake to
· Be able to observe evidence of
migration / movement patterns (for example, interstate highways versus Pony
Express routes across
· Be able to present observations and
pose hypotheses of why some areas of Utah have transportation grids and others
do not… using terms such as “push” “pull” “barriers” and “desire lines”.
MOVEMENT
/ MIGRATION is the fourth of the “five themes of geography” the others being (1)
location, (2) place, (3) interaction, and (5) region. Because movement takes
place in space, it is fundamentally spatial, fundamentally a theme of
geography.
Terms to understand with
respect to MOVEMENT
Understand
these terms (a) because they indicate mastery of content, and (b) for the
mid-term (use your own words) or on quizzes. Migration
and Movement
are "old" terms... LINKS to Opdyke, Mark My Words
MOVEMENT
/ MIGRATION
Migration
Population
movements
Cultural
diffusion
Migration
stream
Interstate
highways
Push
– pull of immigration
Barriers
to movement
Desire
lines for movement
Metabolism
of a city (or state)
Coaching #1 for students of UofU
GEOG3600-Geography of
Memorize
The 15 Themes of Geography of Uath; and
Revisit EVIDENCE /
OBSERVATIONS … within
LOCATION
and MOVEMENT:
PLACE
and MOVEMENT: This is the
INTERACTION
and MOVEMENT: Onton SLValleyInversion
MOVEMENT
and the BIOSPHERE: Phalarope migration... Great Salt Lake as flyway
MOVEMENT
and SOCIOLOGY – Source of UofU Frosh
MOVEMENT
and DEMOGRAPHICS- Utah Highway Map; Western
Futures, projections of growh of West
MOVEMENT
and HYDROSPHERE and economics, and movement-Provo River Canal Enclosure Project
Concept #1 and #2:
Movement… from… through… to AND… Movement results from and causes change.
INTERACTIONS,
if you recall, were within and beyond. MOVEMENT is caused by INTERACTIONS and,
in turn, causes change, again... INTERACTIONS.
DEMOGRAHICS:
the census, tracks movements of peoples to and from states and publishes the
net balance of gains and losses.
SOCIOLOGY:
Goods and services also can be tracked. Sustainability research examines
movements of goods, and energy into, through, and out from communities.
The
“metabolism” of a city: what it "feeds" on and its waste produces.
Inflow
includes movements of energy, water, food, other resources
Outgo
includes emissions, pollutants, sewage, solid waste, liquid waste, and gaseous
waste.
LINK
to old graphic of Peachtree
You
would contribute to an understanding of
Physical
geographers track movement: my research on
Concept #3. Movement has
direction and distance. Migration mechanisms include (a) diffusion, and (b) migration
streams.
Thought
questions: How does movement happen… of disease, of ideas, of automobiles?
There are two primary types of migration mechanisms, and they can occur
simultaneously. They interest geographers because they are spatial, and they
can be modeled. Some geographers who model using GIS get jobs modeling movements.
Two
types of movements:
Concept:
DIFFUSION vs. MIGRATION STREAMS a.k.a. MIGRATION FLOWS...
Generally
… both although one dominates.
(a) Diffusion – expansion – distance and time – Perhaps the easiest image for diffusion is chemical diffusion of two liquids. OhioU-BioSci-Diffusion;
“gravity model” as in
(b) Migration streams -
relocation. -- Migration
flows
In contrast to diffusion, migration streams follow
distingtive patha. Example: WSU/BYU/Greer,
Atlas of Utah, p 90 Colonization of
Key to decades: red = 1847-56; orange = 1857-66;
yellow = 1867-76; lime green = 1877-96; and green = post 1897.
Challenge: describe geographic patterns; examine
"your county" or any other county without trying to explain the
changes… just use geographic terms.
Concept:
Rates of occupation, due to movement of something "foreign" into a place are usually an “S” curve … first a few, then
lots and lots more, then, when near saturated, just a few. Example: spread
of cheat grass until it is a monoculture of western range lands. (need a
display of graph... you'll have to imagine it)
Thought questions: Why move? What causes movement?
Consider the forces that work… physical geography and human geography??
Physical
systems: In Chapter 3, Interactions and Utah Geography, a case example was
winter inversions. Pressure caused movement and lack of it. Uneven distribution
of mass, heat, energy are drivers of movement in physical systems.
Are
there similar push / pull factors in cultural / human geography? Of course and
those factors generally are geographic, meaning they have spatial distribution.
Forces
that encourage migration are usually geographic because social and behavioral
issues have setting and setting in the LOCATION and PLACE:
Anthro;
Demog; Econ; PoliSci, , Soc
The
geographer / philosopher YiFu Tuan, would argue that, just as humans have a
sense of place, so we have a craving, a pull, for Escapism.
Example:
the migration patterns of LDS settlers from WSU/BYU/Greer
Atlas of Utah Within Utah p 90 and Beyond
Utah p92
Concepts...
why migrating... push or pull?... pushed from mid-west (Missouri, Illinois) and
"pulled" by attractions appreciated by Brigham Young ... water,
safety, landownership, federal protection, distance.
Push
and Pull affect who migrates as well as where they migrate.
Cultural
migrations: expansion of LDS religion; who migrated?
Migrations
involve selectivity: Age, education, and language - USGS-National
Atlas-1979 Language diffusion
Concept
of Push:
Forces
that discourage migration are often geographic. Barriers… physical and cultural
Forces
that encourage migration are often geographic. Attractions… physical and
cultural, such as economic for humans,
or of food source for biota BIOSPHERE.
Physical
geography LINK to
Consider:
Why
live in
If
one of these counties is of interest to you and you are unfamiliar with its
history of migrations, take advantage of the Bicentennial Series of Histories
of Utah Counties LINK. Then read from
Concept #5 – Movement…
modern geography, GIS and models.
GIS
– Geographic Information Systems, the geographer’s tool box makes interactive
spatial modeling of movement a reality.
Tom
Kontuly: Population geographers study changes in populations… migration patterns.
Andrea Brunelle / Phil Dennison: pyro-geograhers study fire… modern, ancient,
consequences, movements in real time, movements in longer time.
Mark
Finco, formerly UofU geographer prepares map of potential fire diffusion given
real time conditions of soil moisture, vegetative fuel, and weather conditions.
Harvey
Miller, former UofU computational geographer, studies space-time desire lines for all
sorts of purposes, from siting Walmart EXAMPLE to encouraging bicycle paths.
GIS
has revolutionized geography of the 20th century… consider taking
the GIS suite. GIS spells JOB. One of the obvious strengths of GIS is change
detection… and change can be thought of as movement… of mass, energy, goods,
services, culture…
What
is a model… construction of models are based on assumptions and hypotheses,
meaning, predictable relationships among factors.
Concept #6 –
These
maps track settlement patterns, although with few insights to movements of
From1675
to1800 NationalAtlas135
Old Spanish Trail (dashed);
Escalante-Dominguez 1776-1777(purple);
From 1800
to1820 NationalAtlas136 Old Spanish Trail (dashed);
From 1820
to 1835 NationalAtlas137 Trappers:
Peter Skene Ogden,
John C. Fremont Great Basin east west and far flung
adventures;
Jedediah Smith 1824 included South Pass and across
Great Basin to
From 1835
to 1850 NationalAtlas138
From 1850
to 1890 NationalAtlas139;
Atlas
of
Why
are interstate highways where they are? UDoT-UtahHighwayMapCoarse and UDoT-OfficialUtahHighwayMap... Push and pull factors… push includes
physical barriers, pull included physicical attributes; push includes economic
disinsentives; pull includes economic incentives.
Concept #7. Location of
TRAILS – around 1800 AD – preHORSES – postHORSES
- travois– travois
MAP; OLD UTAH TRAILS – Smart; (Domingues-Escalante – Spanish Trail) ATLAS p078ap078c
TRAILS – of explorers around 1840s – trappers – government explorations
LINK UTAH ATLAS trappers p080; govt expeditions p 082
WAGON TRAILS
– 1840s-1860s UTAH ATLAS Hastings LDS ROUTES Wikipedia -Mormon Trail
PONY EXPRESS
ROUTE – Smart: Map
Link to
stations SOURCE: http://www.ponyexpress.org/stations.htm LINK
RAILROAD
ROUTES – of the late 19th century – LINK to HighCountryNews Evolution of US Rails; LINK to National Park Service on Promontory
Point – Wikipedia: intercontinental across US – LINK
across Utah – Utah RR UTAH ATLAS p096 -
INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS: LINK to a coarse scale map for your atlas for schools project.
UDoT named highways are shown on: MAP – LINK http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/f?p=100:pg:463703913541348::::V,T:,346
FINAL SECTION
OF THIS CHAPTER…
Signivicance?
MOVEMENT surrounds you. MOVEMENT matters
pervasively to the physical and human geographies of Utah. Change implies movement.
Imagine a midterm question... and let me coach you …
What is so
important about MOVEMENT / MIGRATIONS to Utah’s human and physical geographies?
It would not
be sufficient to reply to this exam question, simply, that “movement is very
important to Utah’s human geography.” That statement would earn a "naive with respect to critical thinking" …
·
too shallow
because (a) all of the five themes of geography are hugely important to both
human and physical geographies or they would not be pervasive themes of
geography;
·
not specific
and it’s so easy to be specific by … drumroll… (b) thinking like a geographer
of Utah… of pairing MOVEMENT with The 15
Words of Utah’s geography.
Note… it
still will not earn you even an adequate if you were to say, "movement is essential
to Utah’s hydrosphere." However, if you were to write…
“Movement is an implied, and essential component of Utah’s hydrosphere as water
vapor moves via the atmosphere across Utah, from the west, falls on high
terrain, travels into surface and ground water and, in part is diverted for
urban water supplies” … that would demonstrate (a) understanding of a few
concepts about 3 of The 15 words in the context of Utah geography: migration (from, to, diversion); the
hydrosphere (water cycle components of precipitation to surface and ground
waters); and demographics (water diversions for cities).
So… Practice
thinking like a geographer of Utah… meaning… deliberately run through a mental
checklist of possible associations of MOVEMENT, using the 15x15 matrix.
LIST of “The
15 Words”
Loc
Place
Migra
Inter
Region
Geo
Hydro
Atmo
Bio
Anthro
Econ
Demog
PoliSci
Sociol
QLife
SELF QUIZ
See movement
/ migration wherever you go today… how about 50 “movements” to report to
yourself as you go to sleep… you’ll sleep well, long before you get to 50 as
you become aware of movement of air to and from your lungs, blood transporting…
etc etc…
SUMMARY:
MOVEMENT /
MIGRATION is the fourth of five recurrent themes of geography. Movement is
inherently spacial.
MOVEMENT /
MIGRATION can be within or beyond a location. It can be from, through, and to …
places / locations. It results from and causes change.
All
geographers of Utah studies movement / migration either deliberately or
unconsciously: for example, of transportation systems; of water movement; of
cultural / demographic migrations.
Ways to
observe movement include: awareness of location (to and from); awareness of
causal relationships (push and pull factors); awareness of incentives and
barriers; and consequences to every one of The 15 Words of Utah geography.
